National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) UPSC

National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC). It was established in 2005 following the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force. NTCA has been constituted under section 38 L (1) of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

NTCA is responsible for the management and conservation of tigers in India, as well as the implementation of the Project Tiger program, which was launched in 1973 to protect and conserve the tiger population in the country. 

The NTCA also supervises and provides technical guidance to various state governments in their efforts to protect tigers.

Members of National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)

The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is headed by a Chairman and includes several members who are responsible for various aspects of tiger conservation and related activities. 

The composition of the NTCA include officials, experts, and representatives from various government departments, organizations, and institutions involved in tiger conservation and wildlife protection. 

As per the section 38 L, sub section 2 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, the authority consists of: 

1. Chairperson: The Minister in charge of the Ministry of Environment and Forests serves as the Chairperson of the NTCA.

2. Vice-Chairperson: The Minister of State in the Ministry of Environment and Forests is designated as the Vice-Chairperson of the NTCA.

3. Three Members of Parliament: Three members of Parliament (MPs) are included as part of the NTCA, likely to represent legislative and policy interests.

4. Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests: The Secretary of the Ministry of Environment and Forests holds a position within the NTCA, representing the ministry at the highest level.

5. Other Members: The composition of "other members" may include experts, conservationists, officials from relevant departments, and individuals with knowledge and experience in wildlife conservation, ecology, and related fields. 

Project Tiger UPSC

Project Tiger is a pioneering and highly successful wildlife conservation initiative in India. It is focused on the protection and preservation of the Bengal tiger, which was facing a severe population decline due to poaching and habitat destruction. 

As a result of Project Tiger and other conservation efforts, India has made significant progress in increasing the population of Bengal tigers. Some of the key outcomes of the project include the establishment of a network of tiger reserves across the country, increased protection for tigers and their habitats, and a rise in tiger numbers.

Project Tiger has been considered a successful model for wildlife conservation, and it has contributed to the global effort to save the endangered Bengal tiger. However, challenges like habitat fragmentation, human-wildlife conflicts, and poaching continue to pose threats to the long-term survival of these majestic animals. Conservation efforts remain ongoing to ensure the continued protection and growth of the tiger population in India.

What is Project Tiger?

Project Tiger is a wildlife conservation program in India that was launched in 1973 with the aim of protecting and preserving the Bengal tiger. It was launched by the Indira Gandhi government from the Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand with aim of increasing the population of the tiger in the country

It was initiated by the Indian government in response to the declining population of tigers in the country, which had reached a critical point at that time.

Project Tiger was started on 1 April 1973 with nine tiger reserves in India. The initial 9 reserves covered under Project Tiger were the Jim Corbett, Manas, Ranthambore, Simlipal, Bandipur, Palamau, Sundarbans, Melghat and Kanha national parks.

It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) of the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change providing central assistance to the tiger States for tiger conservation in designated tiger reserves.

The administrating body for the Project Tiger is the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). Dr. Kailash Sankhla was named the first Director of Project Tiger in India.

Objectives of Project Tiger

What is the aim of Project Tiger?

The objectives of Project Tiger, initiated by the Government of India, are as follows:

1. Conservation of Tiger Populations: The primary objective of Project Tiger is the conservation of the Bengal tiger, focusing on increasing their numbers and ensuring their long-term survival in the wild. This involves measures to protect tigers from poaching and habitat destruction.

2. Anti-Poaching Measures: One of the fundamental goals is to combat poaching of tigers by implementing stringent anti-poaching measures. This includes better patrolling, intelligence gathering, and stricter enforcement of wildlife protection laws.

3. Protection of Tiger Habitats: The project aims to establish and maintain tiger reserves and protected areas to provide safe and suitable habitats for the tiger population. These areas are designated as core tiger breeding zones.

4. Reduction of Human-Tiger Conflict: Project Tiger seeks to mitigate conflicts between humans and tigers by relocating or compensating people living within the core tiger areas. This helps reduce threats to both tigers and human communities.

5. Provide funding: The government allocated resources and funding to support the project's various activities, including habitat improvement, anti-poaching initiatives, and research.

6. Ecological Balancing: The project recognizes that the conservation of tigers also involves the preservation of the entire ecosystem. Therefore, it aims to maintain ecological balance in tiger habitats by protecting various species of flora and fauna.

7. Research and Monitoring: Project Tiger emphasizes scientific research and continuous monitoring of tiger populations to understand their behavior, genetics, and habitat requirements better. This information guides conservation efforts.

8. Community Involvement: Engaging local communities and raising awareness about the importance of tiger conservation is a key objective. Involving communities in conservation efforts can lead to their active participation in protecting tigers.

9. Promotion of Eco-Tourism: Project Tiger encourages sustainable eco-tourism in and around tiger reserves. This generates revenue for conservation efforts and helps promote awareness about tigers and their habitat.

10. Policy Advocacy: The project works on advocating policies and regulations at the national and international levels for the protection of tigers and their habitats.

These objectives collectively aim to ensure the survival and growth of the tiger population in India and maintain the ecological balance of their natural habitats. Over the years, Project Tiger has contributed significantly to tiger conservation and has served as a model for wildlife protection efforts in other countries.

Project Tiger Sites

There were several tiger reserves across India under the Project Tiger program. Here is a list of some of the well-known tiger reserves as of that time:

• Dudhwa Tiger Reserve
• Pilibhit Tiger Reserve
• Ranipur Tiger Reserve
• Amangarh Tiger Reserve
• Corbett Tiger Reserve
• Kalagarh Tiger Reserve
• Rajaji Tiger Reserve
• Panna Tiger Reserve
• Pench Tiger Reserve
• Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve
• Satpura Tiger Reserve
• Kanha Tiger Reserve
• Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve
• Ratapani Tiger Reserve
• Durgavati Tiger Reserve
• Indravati Tiger Reserve
• Udanti Sitanadi Tiger Reserve
• Achanakmar Tiger Reserve
• Guru Ghasidas Tiger Reserve
• Valmiki Tiger Reserve
• Palamu Tiger Reserve
• Sariska Tiger Reserve
• Ranthambore Tiger Reserve
• Ramgarh Vishdhari Tiger Reserve
• Mukundara Hills Tiger Reserve
• Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve
• Melghat Tiger Reserve
• Sahyadri Tiger Reserve
• Navegaon Nagzira Tiger Reserve
• Bor Tiger Reserve
• Satkosia Tiger Reserve
• Simlipal Tiger Reserve
• Buxa Tiger Reserve
• Sunderban Tiger Reserve
• Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve
• Kawal Tiger Reserve
• Amrabad Tiger Reserve
• Bandipur Tiger Reserve
• Bhadra Tiger Reserve
• Kali Tiger Reserve
• Nagarhole Tiger Reserve
• Biligiri Ranganatha Temple Tiger Reserve
• Mudumalai Tiger Reserve
• Anamalai Tiger Reserve
• Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
• Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
• Srivilleiputhura Meghmalai Tiger Reserve
• Periyar Tiger Reserve
• Parambikulam Tiger Reserve
• Manas Tiger Reserve
• Nameri Tiger Reserve
• Orang Tiger Reserve
• Kaziranga Tiger Reserve
• Pakke Tiger Reserve
• Kamlang Tiger Reserve
• Namdapha Tiger Reserve
• Dampa Tiger Reserve

M-STrIPES UPSC (M-STrIPES Full Form)

M-STrIPES Full Form is Monitoring System for Tigers: Intensive Protection and Ecological Status. M-STrIPES app was developed by the National Tiger Conservation Authority and the Wildlife Institute of India in 2010.

The “M-STrIPES” is a platform where modern technology is used to assist effective patrolling, assess ecological status and mitigate human-wildlife conflict in and around tiger reserves. It allow mapping the patrolling, location, routes and timings of forest officials.

The M-STrIPES App was used in the All India-Tiger Estimation 2018 (Tiger Census 2018).

What is M-STrIPES?

M-STrIPES, which stands for "Monitoring System for Tigers - Intensive Protection and Ecological Status," is a software-based monitoring system that was launched across Indian tiger reserves by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) in 2010. 

Its primary purpose is to enhance the protection of the endangered Bengal tiger, improve ecological monitoring, and mitigate human-wildlife conflicts in and around tiger reserves.

In the M-STrIPES program, forest guards in tiger reserves are provided with personal digital assistants (PDAs) and GPS devices to capture various types of data while patrolling. These data include information related to tiger sightings, deaths, wildlife crimes, and ecological observations. The use of GPS devices allows for accurate geolocation information to be associated with these observations.

The captured data, including patrol routes, is then fed into a software system, which uses a geographic information system (GIS) for analysis. This analysis serves several key purposes:

1. Enhancing Effectiveness and Spatial Coverage of Patrols: By mapping the patrol routes of forest guards, the software system helps enhance the effectiveness of patrols. It ensures that patrols cover critical areas within the tiger reserves and helps in identifying patterns or areas where patrols may need to be intensified.

2. Evaluation of Human Pressure: The data collected and analyzed through M-STrIPES can be used to evaluate human pressure in and around tiger reserves. This includes assessing potential threats or activities that could harm the tiger population or their habitat.

3. Ongoing Monitoring of Habitat Change: The program also supports ongoing monitoring of habitat changes within the tiger reserves. This is crucial for understanding how the environment is evolving and whether changes are impacting the well-being of tigers and other wildlife.

Overall, M-STrIPES is a valuable tool for tiger reserve managers and conservationists as it leverages modern technology to collect, analyze, and use data to protect and conserve tiger populations and their habitats more effectively. It helps create a data-driven approach to wildlife conservation and management.

How do M-STrIPES Work?

The MSTrIPES program uses Global Positioning System (GPS), General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), and remote sensing, to collect information from the field, create a database using modern Information Technology (IT) based tools, analyses the information using GIS and statistical tools to provide inferences that allow tiger reserve managers to better manage their wildlife resources.

Here's how M-STrIPES works and its key components:

(i) M-STrIPES Patrol Module:

The patrol module maintains a spatial database comprising patrol track logs, crime scenes with geotagged photographs, and significant observations recorded by field staff during various patrol duties. The mobile application allows real-time visualization of all patrols when a cellular network connectivity is available. 

Moreover, it offers the capability for guards to transmit geotagged location data to designated phone numbers for emergency situations through an SOS function. The mobile app can also operate seamlessly in areas with limited or no phone network coverage, utilizing the device's built-in GPS and preloaded base maps.

(ii) M-STrIPES Ecological Module:

This module standardizes ecological monitoring protocols in tiger reserves. The tiger reserves of India use a set of standardized protocols for ecological monitoring by field staff which include the following components:

• Occupancy of carnivores and large ungulates,
• Abundance estimation of ungulates,
• Assessment of anthropogenic impacts and
• Habitat assessment.

The ecological monitoring comprising of above components are implemented across the country at a spatial resolution of 20 square km every 4 years and twice annually within all tiger reserves in India and these standardized protocols are now part of ‘Ecological Module’ of MSTrIPES program.

(iii) M-STrIPES Conflict Module:

This module focuses on data recording, achieving, geotagging, and spatial analysis of human-wildlife conflict details. It allows for the recording of attacks on humans, attacks on livestock, crop damage, and property damage. This information on location, when combined with spatially referenced photo-evidence, helps wildlife managers take appropriate measures to mitigate conflicts.

M-STrIPES Benefits

M-STrIPES, the Monitoring System for Tigers - Intensive Protection and Ecological Status, offers several significant benefits for tiger reserves and wildlife conservation efforts:

1. Enhanced Patrolling and Surveillance: M-STrIPES equips forest guards with modern technology, including GPS devices and personal digital assistants, to improve patrolling and surveillance. This results in more effective and data-driven monitoring of tiger populations and their habitats.

2. Data-Driven Conservation: The system allows for the collection of data on tiger sightings, deaths, wildlife crimes, and ecological observations. This data is analyzed and used for evidence-based decision-making in conservation efforts.

3. Improved Spatial Coverage: By mapping patrol routes and analyzing the data within a geographic information system, M-STrIPES enhances the spatial coverage of patrols. This ensures that critical areas within tiger reserves are adequately monitored.

4. Quick Response to Emergencies: The SOS function of the mobile app enables forest guards to send geotagged location data in emergency situations. This rapid response capability can help mitigate threats like poaching or human-wildlife conflicts more effectively.

5. Evaluation of Human Pressure: M-STrIPES supports the evaluation of human pressures and activities that could harm tiger populations or their habitats. This information is valuable for developing strategies to reduce human impacts on tiger reserves.

6. Habitat Monitoring: The program facilitates ongoing monitoring of habitat changes within tiger reserves. This is crucial for understanding how environmental changes may affect tigers and other wildlife.

7. Comprehensive Reporting: M-STrIPES generates easily interpretable reports and maps that aid in management and policy decisions. These reports provide valuable insights into the status of tiger populations and their conservation needs.

8. National Implementation: The M-STrIPES app is used in all national tiger reserves in India, ensuring a standardized approach to tiger conservation and protection across the country.

9. Support for Tiger Census: The M-STrIPES app was used in the All India-Tiger Estimation in 2018, demonstrating its importance in conducting national tiger population assessments.

Overall, M-STrIPES is a powerful tool that leverages modern technology to enhance the protection of tigers and their ecosystems, facilitate data-driven conservation efforts, and contribute to the long-term survival of this iconic species.

M-STrIPES UPSC Questions

Q. What is the full form of M-STrIPES?/What is the full form of M-STrIPES ecological app?

A. The full form of M-STrIPES is "Monitoring System for Tigers - Intensive Protection and Ecological Status." It is a comprehensive software-based monitoring system used in Indian tiger reserves to enhance tiger conservation efforts and ecological monitoring. 

Q. What is the monitoring system for tiger intensive protection and ecological status?

A. The "Monitoring System for Tigers - Intensive Protection and Ecological Status" (M-STrIPES) is a comprehensive software-based monitoring system used in Indian tiger reserves. Its primary objective is to strengthen the protection of the Bengal tiger, an endangered species, and monitor the ecological status of tiger habitats.

Ecological Module: This module standardizes protocols for ecological monitoring within tiger reserves. It covers various components, including occupancy of carnivores and large ungulates, abundance estimation of ungulates, assessment of anthropogenic impacts, and habitat assessment. These standardized protocols are a part of the "Ecological Module" of M-STrIPES.

Q. The term m-stripes is sometimes seen in the news in the context of?

A. The term "m-stripes" is sometimes seen in the news in the context of tiger conservation and the use of the "Monitoring System for Tigers - Intensive Protection and Ecological Status" (M-STrIPES) in various tiger reserves. M-STrIPES is a software-based monitoring system designed to improve the protection of Bengal tigers, enhance ecological monitoring, and mitigate human-wildlife conflicts in and around tiger reserves in India. It is often discussed in the news when highlighting efforts to safeguard and manage tiger populations.

Q. What are the M-STrIPES used for?/What is the use of M-STrIPES?

A. M-STrIPES is used for several key purposes in the context of tiger conservation and wildlife management:

1. Enhancing Tiger Protection: M-STrIPES is primarily used to strengthen the protection of Bengal tigers, an endangered species, by improving the monitoring of tiger populations and their habitats.

2. Patrolling and Surveillance: The system equips forest guards with technology such as GPS devices and personal digital assistants (PDAs) to capture data during their patrols. This data includes information related to tiger sightings, deaths, wildlife crimes, and ecological observations.

3. Ecological Monitoring: M-STrIPES standardizes ecological monitoring protocols within tiger reserves. This includes assessing the occupancy of carnivores and large ungulates, estimating the abundance of ungulates, evaluating anthropogenic impacts, and monitoring habitat conditions.

4. Mitigating Human-Wildlife Conflict: The system also helps in the recording, geotagging, and spatial analysis of human-wildlife conflict details. This information includes attacks on humans, attacks on livestock, crop damage, and property damage. Wildlife managers can use this data to implement measures to reduce conflicts.

5. Evaluation of Human Pressure: M-STrIPES supports the evaluation of human activities and pressures that could negatively impact tiger populations or their habitats.

6. Habitat Monitoring: The program facilitates ongoing monitoring of habitat changes within tiger reserves, which is crucial for understanding how environmental changes may affect tigers and other wildlife.

7. National Implementation: M-STrIPES is used in all national tiger reserves in India, ensuring a standardized approach to tiger conservation and protection across the country.

8. Tiger Population Assessment: The M-STrIPES app was used in the All India-Tiger Estimation in 2018, demonstrating its importance in conducting national tiger population assessments.

Dampa Tiger Reserve UPSC

Dampa Tiger Reserve is located in the northeastern state of Mizoram in India. It is one of the prominent tiger reserves in the country and is known for its rich biodiversity and natural beauty.

The Dampa Tiger Reserve is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna, including several endangered and endemic species.

Dampa Tiger Reserve Location

Dampa Tiger Reserve is located in the Mamit District of the state of Mizoram in northeastern India. It lies along the international border with Bangladesh. On the West, the Dampa Tiger Reserve is bound by the Chittagong hill tracts (Sazek hill range) of Bangladesh.

The reserve is approximately 130 kilometers (80 miles) west of Aizawl, the capital city of Mizoram. It is nestled within the lush landscapes of the lower Western Dampa Hills, offering a habitat for a diverse range of wildlife.

Nearest Airport:

The nearest airport to Dampa Tiger Reserve is Lengpui Airport (also known as Aizawl Airport) in Mizoram. Lengpui Airport is located in the capital city of Aizawl, which is approximately 130 kilometers (80 miles) east of the reserve.

Nearest Railway Station:

As for the nearest railway station, the major railway station closest to Dampa Tiger Reserve is Silchar Railway Station in the neighboring state of Assam. Silchar Railway Station is situated approximately 200 kilometers (124 miles) away from the reserve.

Dampa Tiger Reserve History

Dampa Tiger Reserve has a rich history associated with its establishment and conservation efforts. Here's an overview of its history:

1. Early History: The Dampa area, which encompasses the present-day Dampa Tiger Reserve, has been inhabited by indigenous communities for centuries. The indigenous people of Mizoram, including tribes like the Mizo, lived in harmony with the forest and wildlife in the region.

2. Reserve Declaration: In 1985, Dampa Wildlife Sanctuary was initially declared under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. It aimed to protect the biodiversity of the area, including the tiger population.

3. Tiger Reserve Status: In 1994-95, Dampa Wildlife Sanctuary was designated as a tiger reserve, primarily to safeguard the endangered Bengal tigers. This upgrade in status emphasized the significance of the reserve for tiger conservation.

Namdapha Tiger Reserve UPSC

The Namdapha Tiger Reserve is a protected area located in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, India. It is one of the largest protected areas in the Eastern Himalayas. The reserve is named after the Namdapha River, which flows through it.

Namdapha Tiger Reserve is known for its rich biodiversity and is recognized as one of the most important tiger reserves in India. It is home to various endangered and rare species, including the Bengal tiger, clouded leopard, snow leopard, and the Indian elephant.

Namdapha Tiger Reserve Location

The Namdapha Tiger Reserve is located in the Changlang District of the state of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India. It is situated in the easternmost part of the Indian subcontinent, near the international border with Myanmar (Burma).

The reserve has a common boundary with Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary (Lohit District) and Nampong Forest Division on the south-western side (Changlang District) of Arunachal Pradesh.

Nearest Airport:

The nearest airport to Namdapha Tiger Reserve is Dibrugarh Airport, located in Dibrugarh, Assam. It is approximately 160 kilometers (99 miles) away from the reserve.

Nearest Railway Station:

Regarding the nearest railway station, the closest one to Namdapha Tiger Reserve is Tinsukia Junction Railway Station, also located in Tinsukia, Assam. It is approximately 155 kilometers (96 miles) away from the reserve.

Namdapha Tiger Reserve History

The history of Namdapha Tiger Reserve is closely tied to the conservation efforts and initiatives taken to protect the region's unique biodiversity. Here's a brief overview of its history:

1. Early Settlement and Recognition of the Area: The Namdapha region has been inhabited by indigenous tribes for centuries. The area was recognized for its rich natural resources and ecological significance.

2. Creation of Namdapha Wildlife Sanctuary: In 1972, the Government of India declared the Namdapha region as a wildlife sanctuary to protect its diverse flora and fauna. This step aimed to safeguard the habitat of various endangered species and promote conservation.

3. Upgradation to Tiger Reserve: In 1983, the Namdapha Wildlife Sanctuary was upgraded to a tiger reserve, primarily to protect the population of Bengal tigers in the area. This change in status reflected the importance of Namdapha in the national and international conservation landscape.

4. Recognition as a National Park: In 1983, a significant portion of Namdapha Tiger Reserve was declared as Namdapha National Park. This further enhanced its conservation status and focused efforts on preserving its unique ecosystems and wildlife.

Kamlang Tiger Reserve UPSC

Kamlang Tiger Reserve is a protected area located in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. The reserve is named after the Kamlang River, which flows through it.

The terrain of Kamlang Tiger Reserve is characterized by dense forests, hills, and valleys, making it a suitable habitat for wildlife. The reserve is located in the Eastern Himalayas, and its elevation ranges from 200 meters (656 feet) to 4,572 meters (15,000 feet) above sea level.

The primary objective of Kamlang Tiger Reserve is the conservation and protection of the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), which is an endangered species. 

Kamlang Tiger Reserve Location

Kamlang Tiger Reserve is located in the south-eastern part of the Lohit District of Arunachal Pradesh in India. It is surrounded by the Kamlang River on the Northern side and Namdapha National Park on the Southern side.

Nearest Airport:

The nearest airport to Kamlang Tiger Reserve is the Dibrugarh Airport (also known as Mohanbari Airport), which is located in Dibrugarh, Assam. The airport is approximately 180 kilometers (112 miles) away from the reserve. 

Nearest Railway Station:

Regarding the nearest railway station, the Tinsukia Junction Railway Station is the closest one to Kamlang Tiger Reserve. It is located in Tinsukia, Assam, at a distance of approximately 170 kilometers (106 miles) from the reserve.

Kamlang Tiger Reserve History

Kamlang Tiger Reserve has a relatively short history, as it was established as a protected area relatively recently. Here is a brief overview of its history:

1. Wildlife Sanctuary: In 1989, Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary was established as a protected area. It served as a sanctuary for various wildlife species, including the Bengal tiger.

2. Tiger Reserve Status: In 2016, Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary was declared a tiger reserve under Project Tiger, a conservation program in India aimed at protecting the Bengal tiger and its habitat. With this declaration, it became Kamlang Tiger Reserve, officially recognized as the 50th tiger reserve in India.

Pakke Tiger Reserve UPSC (Pakhui Tiger Reserve UPSC)

Pakke Tiger Reserve, also known as Pakhui Tiger Reserve, is a protected area located in the northeastern state of Arunachal Pradesh, India. It is nestled in the eastern Himalayan foothills and is recognized as one of the biodiversity hotspots of the region. It falls within the Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot.

Pakke Tiger Reserve Location

Pakke Tiger Reserve is located in the East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh in India. It is situated in the eastern Himalayan foothills, sharing borders with the Pakke River to the east and the Kameng River to the west. 

Pakke Tiger Reserve is surrounded by the Tenga Reserve Forest to the North, Doimara Reserve Forest on the West, Nameri National Park and Tiger Reserve (Assam) on the South and some agricultural land as well as Papum Reserve Forest on the East.

Nearest Airport:

The nearest airport to Pakke Tiger Reserve is the Tezpur Airport, located in Tezpur town, Assam. It is approximately 80 kilometers away from the reserve and serves as the most convenient option for air travel to the area. 

Nearest Railway Station:

As for the nearest railway station, the closest one to Pakke Tiger Reserve is the Rangapara North Railway Station. It is located in Rangapara town, Assam, at a distance of around 100 kilometers from the reserve.

Pakke Tiger Reserve History

Pakke Tiger Reserve has a rich history that spans several decades. Here is a brief overview of the history of Pakke Tiger Reserve:

1. Reserve Forest: The area of Pakke Tiger Reserve was initially established as Pakhui Reserve Forest on July 1, 1966. It served as a protected forest area, aiming to conserve the rich biodiversity of the region.

2. Wildlife Sanctuary: Pakke Tiger Reserve was established as a wildlife sanctuary in 1977, initially covering an area of 862 square kilometers. It was primarily created to protect the habitat of the Bengal tiger and other wildlife species in the region.

3. Recognition as a Tiger Reserve: In 1999-2000, Pakke Wildlife Sanctuary was designated as a tiger reserve under the Project Tiger initiative by the Government of India. This recognition aimed to strengthen conservation efforts and ensure the long-term survival of the endangered Bengal tiger population in the region. Pakke Tiger Reserve became the 26th Tiger Reserve in India, joining the nationwide efforts to protect and preserve this majestic big cat.

4. Hornbill Nest Adoption Program (HNAP): In 2011, the Hornbill Nest Adoption Program (HNAP), in collaboration with the Ghora-Aabhe Society (which is a village council) and the Arunachal Pradesh Forest Department was adopted.

5. Biodiversity Award 2016: In recognition of its efforts in the conservation of threatened species, Pakke Tiger Reserve was honored with the India Biodiversity Award in 2016. It received the award in the category of 'Conservation of threatened species' for its innovative Hornbill Nest Adoption Programme. This program, in collaboration with the Ghora-Aabhe Society and the Arunachal Pradesh Forest Department, aims to protect the nesting sites and ensure the survival of the hornbill species in the reserve.

6. Pakke Tiger Reserve 2047 Declaration: In 2021, the Arunachal Pradesh state cabinet adopted the 'Pakke Declaration,' also known as the "Pakke Tiger Reserve 2047 Declaration on Climate Change Resilient and Responsive Arunachal Pradesh." This declaration aims to promote "climate resilient development" in the state of Arunachal Pradesh.

Note- Due to its announcement being made in Pakke Tiger Reserve, it is known as Pakke Tiger Reserve Declaration.

Kaziranga Tiger Reserve UPSC

Kaziranga Tiger Reserve is a renowned wildlife sanctuary located in the state of Assam, India. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is known for its exceptional biodiversity and conservation efforts.

The Kaziranga Tiger Reserve is primarily known for its population of the Indian one-horned rhinoceros, which is one of its flagship species. Kaziranga is home to more than two-thirds of the world's population of this endangered rhino species. Additionally, the park is also known for its significant tiger population, making it an important tiger conservation area. 

Kaziranga Tiger Reserve consists of grasslands, wetlands, and dense forests. It is located in the floodplains of the Brahmaputra River, which contributes to its unique ecosystem. The tall elephant grass, marshlands, and water bodies create an ideal habitat for the diverse wildlife found in the reserve.

Kaziranga Tiger Reserve Location

Kaziranga Tiger Reserve is located in the Golaghat, Karbi Anglong and Nagaon districts of Assam in India.

Nearest Airport:

The nearest airport to Kaziranga Tiger Reserve is the Jorhat Airport, also known as the Rowriah Airport, located in Jorhat city of Assam. It is approximately 97 kilometers (60 miles) away from the Kaziranga Tiger Reserve. Another nearby airport is the Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport in Guwahati, which is approximately 215 kilometers (134 miles) away.

Nearest Railway Station:

The nearest railway station to Kaziranga Tiger Reserve is the Furkating Junction Railway Station, which is located in the town of Furkating in Assam. It is approximately 75 kilometers (47 miles) away from Kaziranga Tiger Reserve. 

Kaziranga Tiger Reserve History

The history of Kaziranga Tiger Reserve dates back to the early 20th century when it was initially established as a forest reserve. Here's a brief overview of the history of Kaziranga Tiger Reserve:

1. Early Years: In 1904, Lady Curzon, the wife of the then Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, visited the Kaziranga area and was deeply moved by the dwindling population of rhinoceroses. Her concern led to the declaration of Kaziranga as a Reserved Forest in 1905 to provide protection to the rhinos.

2. Wildlife Sanctuary: In 1950, Kaziranga was designated as a wildlife sanctuary, primarily to protect the Indian one-horned rhinoceros, which was on the brink of extinction. 

3. National Park Status: Recognizing the ecological significance of Kaziranga, it was declared a national park in 1974. The park's boundaries were expanded to encompass an area of about 858 square kilometers (331 square miles).

4. UNESCO World Heritage Site: In 1985, Kaziranga National Park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The designation recognized its outstanding universal value in terms of biodiversity conservation and its role in preserving unique ecosystems.

5. Tiger Reserve: To further strengthen tiger conservation efforts, Kaziranga was declared a tiger reserve in 2008-09, known as Kaziranga Tiger Reserve. This expansion aimed to protect the habitat and populations of Bengal tigers in the region.

6. Conservation Success: Over the years, Kaziranga Tiger Reserve has achieved remarkable success in conserving the Indian one-horned rhinoceros. The population of rhinos has increased from a mere handful in the early 20th century to more than 2,000 individuals today, representing two-thirds of the global population.

Orang Tiger Reserve UPSC

Orang Tiger Reserve, also known as Orang National Park, is located in the state of Assam, India. It was designated as a tiger reserve under the Project Tiger initiative, becoming the 49th tiger reserve in India.

The reserve is renowned for its rich biodiversity, supporting a wide range of wildlife species. It is home to the Bengal tiger, Indian one-horned rhinoceros, Asian elephant, wild boar, hog deer, and various bird species. 

The reserve is also known for its efforts in conserving the critically endangered pygmy hog.

Orang Tiger Reserve Location

Orang Tiger Reserve is located in the Darrang and Sonitpur districts of Assam in India. The reserve is situated on the north bank of the Brahmaputra River. It is approximately 150 kilometers west of the state capital, Guwahati.

Nearest Airport:

The nearest airport to Orang National Park is Salonibari Airport, also known as Tezpur Airport. It is located in Salonibari village, Tezpur, which is approximately 60 kilometers from the park. Salonibari Airport is a domestic airport that serves flights from various cities within India. 

Nearest Railway Station:

As for the nearest railway station, the Rangapara North Railway Station is the closest one to Orang Tiger Reserve. It is located in Rangapara town, which is approximately 20 kilometers southeast of the reserve.

Orang Tiger Reserve History

The history of Orang Tiger Reserve dates back to the early 20th century. Here is a brief overview of its history:

1. Orang Wildlife Sanctuary: Orang was initially established as a wildlife sanctuary in 1985. It was designated as the Orang Wildlife Sanctuary to protect the diverse flora and fauna of the region.

2. National Park Status: On 13th April 1999, the Orang Wildlife Sanctuary was upgraded to the status of a national park. It was renamed as the Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park to honor the former Prime Minister of India.

3. Tiger Reserve: In 2016, Orang National Park was declared as a tiger reserve under the Project Tiger initiative. It became the 49th Tiger Reserve in India, aimed at conserving and increasing the population of Bengal tigers.

Nameri Tiger Reserve UPSC

Nameri Tiger Reserve is a wildlife sanctuary and tiger reserve located in the state of Assam, India. It is situated at the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas and covers an area of about 200 square kilometers. The reserve is named after the Nameri River, which flows through it.

Nameri Tiger Reserve is known for its rich biodiversity and is home to several endangered and endemic species. The reserve is particularly famous for its population of Bengal tigers. 

Nameri Tiger Reserve Location

Nameri Tiger Reserve is located in the Sonitpur district of the state of Assam in northeastern India. It is situated at the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas, near the border with Arunachal Pradesh. 

The reserve is approximately 35 kilometers from the town of Tezpur and around 200 kilometers from the city of Guwahati, which is the largest city in Assam. 

Nearest Airport:

The nearest airport to Nameri Tiger Reserve is Salonibari Airport, also known as Tezpur Airport. It is located in Tezpur, which is approximately 35 kilometers away from the reserve. 

Nearest Railway Station:

The nearest railway station to Nameri Tiger Reserve is Rangapara North Railway Station, located in Rangapara town. It is approximately 38 kilometers away from the reserve. Rangapara North Railway Station is well-connected to major cities and towns in India, including Guwahati and Kolkata.

Nameri Tiger Reserve History

The history of Nameri Tiger Reserve dates back to the early 20th century when it was established as a forest reserve. Here is a brief overview of the history of Nameri Tiger Reserve:

1. Early Conservation Efforts: The area that encompasses Nameri Tiger Reserve was initially designated as the Sonitpur Reserve Forest in 1905. The region was recognized for its rich biodiversity and pristine forests, prompting the need for conservation efforts.

2. Conversion into a Wildlife Sanctuary: In 1978, a portion of the Sonitpur Reserve Forest was declared as the Nameri Wildlife Sanctuary with the objective of protecting the diverse flora and fauna found in the region. The sanctuary covered an area of approximately 137 square kilometers.

3. Tiger Reserve Status: Recognizing the significance of Nameri as a habitat for Bengal tigers, the Government of India declared Nameri Wildlife Sanctuary as a tiger reserve in 1999-2000. This decision aimed to provide stronger protection to the tiger population and their habitat.

4. Inclusion in the Eastern Himalayas Biodiversity Hotspot: The Eastern Himalayas, including Nameri Tiger Reserve, is designated as a global biodiversity hotspot due to its remarkable ecological importance. The region is recognized for its high species diversity, including many endemic and threatened species.

Manas Tiger Reserve UPSC

Manas Tiger Reserve, also known as Manas National Park, is a wildlife sanctuary located in the Indian state of Assam. Manas is a National Park, UNESCO Natural World Heritage site, a Tiger Reserve, an Elephant Reserve and a Biosphere Reserve.

It is situated at the foothills of the eastern Himalayas and named after the Manas River, which flows through it.

Manas Tiger Reserve Location

Manas Tiger Reserve is located in the Kokrajhar, Chirang, Buxa and Udalguri District of Assam, India. It is situated in Himalayan foothills of Assam state.

To the north, it is separated from the Royal Manas National Park of Bhutan by the River Manas and its tributaries- Beki and Hakua; while to the west, it is separated from the Buxa Tiger Reserve of West Bengal by the River Sankosh.

Nearest Airport:

The nearest airport to Manas Tiger Reserve is Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport, also known as Guwahati Airport. It is located in Guwahati, the capital city of Assam. The distance between Guwahati Airport and Manas Tiger Reserve is approximately 176 kilometers (109 miles) by road.

Nearest Railway Station:

As for the nearest railway station, Barpeta Road Railway Station is the most convenient option for reaching Manas Tiger Reserve. It is located in the town of Barpeta Road, which is about 25 kilometers (16 miles) east of the reserve.

Manas Tiger Reserve History

The history of Manas Tiger Reserve dates back to the early 20th century. Here are some key events and milestones in its history:

1. Reserve Forest (1907): In 1907, Manas was initially declared a Reserve Forest, signifying its recognition as a valuable natural area for wildlife conservation.

2. Manas Game Sanctuary (1928): The status of Manas elevated in 1928 when it was designated as a Game Sanctuary under the British government's Forest Act of 1927.

3. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary: In 1950, Manas Game Sanctuary was declared as a Wildlife Sanctuary.

4. Manas Tiger Reserve (1973): As part of the Project Tiger initiative, Manas Wildlife Sanctuary was declared as Manas Tiger Reserve in 1973. This designation focused on the protection and conservation of the endangered Bengal tiger, along with other wildlife species.

5. UNESCO World Heritage Site (1985): Manas gained international recognition in 1985 when it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site (Natural). This acknowledgment was granted due to the reserve's exceptional universal conservation value, highlighting its unique biodiversity and natural heritage.

6. Biosphere Reserve (1989): The year 1989 witnessed Manas being declared as a Biosphere Reserve by government of India.

7. National Park (1990): Manas was further elevated in status in 1990 when it was designated as a National Park. This enhanced protection provided stricter regulations and focused efforts on preserving the reserve's pristine ecosystems and wildlife.

8. Elephant Reserve (2003): Acknowledging the importance of Manas as a habitat for elephants, it was declared as an Elephant Reserve in 2003. This recognition aimed to safeguard the welfare and conservation of these majestic creatures.

9. Rhino Translocation: One of the notable conservation initiatives in Manas was the successful translocation of Indian rhinoceros from the Kaziranga National Park. Between 2006 and 2012, several rhinos were reintroduced to Manas, contributing to the restoration of the rhino population in the region.

10. Critical Tiger Habitat (2008): Due to its strategic location in the Eastern Himalayas, Manas Tiger Reserve was identified as a Critical Tiger Habitat in 2008. This designation highlighted its role as a vital corridor for tiger populations in the region.

11. Tiger Source Site for Conservation (2014): In 2014, Manas was recognized as a Tiger Source Site for Conservation, emphasizing its significance as a site contributing to the conservation and replenishment of tiger populations.

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve UPSC

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve is a well-known wildlife sanctuary and tiger reserve located in the state of Kerala, India. It is one of the premier tiger reserves in the country and is part of the larger Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.

One of the unique features of the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve is the presence of a large reservoir called Parambikulam Dam. The dam is built on the Parambikulam River. The Parambikulam Dam serves multiple purposes, including irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and water supply.

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve Location

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve is located in Palakkad and Thrissur districts of Kerala, India. It is situated near the border with the neighboring state of Tamil Nadu. The reserve is nestled in the Western Ghats, a mountain range that runs parallel to the western coast of India. 

Nearest Airport:

The nearest airport to the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve is Coimbatore International Airport, located in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. It is approximately 100 kilometers away from the reserve.

Nearest Railway Station:

The nearest railway station to the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve is Palakkad Junction Railway Station, located in Palakkad, Kerala. It is approximately 100 kilometers away from the reserve as well.

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve History

What is the history of Parambikulam?

The Parambikulam Tiger Reserve has a rich history that dates back several centuries. Here is an overview of its historical significance:

1. Indigenous Communities: The area around Parambikulam has been inhabited by indigenous tribal communities for centuries. The tribes, including the Kadar, Malasar, and Muthuvan, have a deep connection with the forests and have traditionally lived in harmony with nature.

2. Feudal Era: During the feudal era in Kerala, the Parambikulam region was under the rule of local rulers and landlords. They utilized the forests for hunting and timber extraction.

3. Forest Conservation Efforts: In the early 20th century, efforts were initiated to conserve the forests of Parambikulam. The Cochin Maharaja, Rama Varma, played a significant role in establishing forest reserves in the region. The Maharaja was known for his keen interest in wildlife conservation.

4. Wildlife Sanctuary: In 1973, the Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary was established to protect the rich biodiversity of the area. It was declared as a sanctuary under the Kerala Forest Act, 1961.

5. Tiger Reserve: In 2009, the Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary was upgraded to the status of a Tiger Reserve. The reserve was included in the Project Tiger initiative, a nationwide program aimed at conserving the endangered Bengal Tigers.

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve Area

The Parambikulam Tiger Reserve spans across a significant area of land in the Western Ghats. It covers a total area of approximately 643.66 square kilometers (248.81 square miles). This vast expanse of land is home to diverse ecosystems, including evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, and grasslands. 

• Core/critical tiger habitat : 390.89 Km2
• Buffer/peripheral area : 252.77 Km2
• Total : 643.66 Km2

The core/critical tiger habitat within the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve covers approximately 390.89 square kilometers (150.83 square miles). This area is considered crucial for the conservation and protection of tiger populations.

The buffer/peripheral area surrounding the core habitat spans around 252.77 square kilometers (97.59 square miles). The buffer zone typically acts as a transitional area between the core habitat and human settlements, providing additional support for conservation efforts.

Overall, the total area of the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, including both the core and buffer zones, is 643.66 square kilometers (248.81 square miles). This expansive area contributes to the conservation of not only tigers but also various other wildlife species and their habitats within the reserve.

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve River

The Parambikulam Tiger Reserve is blessed with several rivers and water bodies that add to its natural beauty and ecological significance. The reserve is crisscrossed by rivers and streams that provide a vital water source for the diverse flora and fauna in the area. One of the prominent rivers in the reserve is the Parambikulam River itself.

The Parambikulam River originates from the Anamalai Hills in Tamil Nadu and flows through the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, eventually joining the Chalakkudy River in Kerala. The river serves as a lifeline for the reserve, sustaining the rich ecosystems and supporting a wide variety of plant and animal species.

Additionally, there are other smaller streams and water bodies within the reserve, such as the Thunakadavu River and the Peruvaripallam River, which contribute to the overall hydrological network of the area. These water bodies play a vital role in maintaining the ecological balance and supporting the wildlife populations within the reserve.

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve Lake

The Parambikulam Tiger Reserve has several man-made reservoirs, which are also referred to as lakes. These reservoirs play a significant role in water conservation and supply within the reserve.

The three major man-made reservoirs in the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve are:

(1) Parambikulam Reservoir:

This reservoir is the largest among the three, giving its name to the reserve itself. It covers a considerable area and provides water for both wildlife and human settlements in the region.

(2) Thunacadavu Reservoir (Thunakkadavu):

The Thunacadavu Reservoir is another important water body within the reserve. It contributes to water storage and supply, supporting the local ecosystem and human needs.

(3) Peruvaripallam Reservoir:

The Peruvaripallam Reservoir is the third man-made reservoir in the reserve. It also plays a role in water management and conservation efforts.

The combined area of these reservoirs is approximately 20.66 square kilometers (8 square miles), providing a significant water source within the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve. 

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve Tribe

Which tribes are in Parambikulam Tiger Reserve?

The Parambikulam Tiger Reserve is home to several indigenous tribes who have a long history of living in harmony with the forested environment. Among the tribes residing in the reserve are:

(1) Kadar Tribe:

The Kadar tribe is one of the major indigenous communities in the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve. They have a deep connection with the forest and traditionally relied on hunting and gathering for sustenance.

(2) Malasar Tribe:

The Malasar tribe is another indigenous community found in the reserve. They have their own distinct cultural practices and have traditionally lived in close association with the forest resources.

(3) Muduvar Tribe:

The Muduvar tribe is also part of the indigenous population in the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve. They have a rich cultural heritage and have traditionally engaged in various forest-based livelihood activities.

(4) Mala Malasar Tribe:

The Mala Malasar tribe is another tribal community found in the reserve. They have a unique identity and have historically relied on forest resources for their livelihood.

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve Flora

The Parambikulam Tiger Reserve is known for its rich and diverse flora, with a wide range of plant species thriving within its boundaries. The reserve is located in the Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot, which further enhances its botanical significance. 

Here are some notable flora found in the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve:

(1) Evergreen Forests:

The reserve is characterized by evergreen forests that are dominated by species such as Cullenia excelsa (Indian cinnamon), Mesua ferrea (Ceylon ironwood), Vateria indica (white dammar), and Dipterocarpus indicus (gurjan).

(2) Moist Deciduous Forests:

Moist deciduous forests are also prevalent in the reserve. They feature trees like Teak (Tectona grandis), Terminalia spp. (Indian laurel), Lagerstroemia spp. (crepe myrtle), and Hardwickia binata (anjan).

(3) Shola Forests:

Shola forests are a unique type of high-altitude montane evergreen forests found in the Western Ghats. They are characterized by stunted trees, dense undergrowth, and grassy clearings. Shola forests in the reserve host species such as Rhododendron nilgiricum (Nilgiri rhododendron), Syzygium spp. (rose apple), and Ilex spp. (holly).

(4) Grasslands:

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve also encompasses grassland areas that provide habitat for several herbaceous plants, including species like Cymbopogon spp. (lemongrass), Eulalia spp., and Themeda spp.

(5) Medicinal Plants:

The reserve is home to various medicinal plants used by indigenous communities for traditional healing practices. Some examples include Aegle marmelos (bael), Dioscorea spp. (yam), and Justicia adhatoda (Malabar nut).

(6) Endemic Species:

The endemic genera are represented by Anaphyllum, Blepharistemma, Decalepis, Haplothismia, Indobanalia, Indotristicha, Kanjarum, Moullava, Nilgirianthus, Ochreinauclea, Otonephelium, Poeciloneuron, Utleria and Willisia.

Parambikulam Tiger Reserve Fauna (Parambikulam Tiger Reserve Animals)

What animals are in Parambikulam?

The Parambikulam Tiger Reserve is renowned for its rich and diverse fauna, making it a significant wildlife habitat within the Western Ghats. The reserve provides a home to numerous species, including many endangered and threatened animals. 

Here are some of the notable fauna found in the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve: