Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve UPSC
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is a UNESCO-designated biosphere reserve located in the Western Ghats of India. It encompasses a vast area across the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka. The reserve is named after the Nilgiri Hills, which are part of the Western Ghats mountain range.
Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve is India's first biosphere reserve designated in 1986 by the Government of India. It is also designated India's first biosphere reserve under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme in 2000.
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve includes several protected areas, including national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. It encompasses an area of about 5,520 square kilometers (2,100 square miles), making it one of the largest biosphere reserves in India.
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is known for its rich biodiversity. It is home to several endangered and endemic species, including the Nilgiri tahr (a type of mountain goat), lion-tailed macaque, and Nilgiri langur. The reserve supports a diverse range of flora and fauna, including many endemic plant species.
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Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Location
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is located in the southern part of India, spanning across the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka. It covers a vast area encompassing the Nilgiri Hills and surrounding regions. The reserve is situated in the Western Ghats mountain range, which runs parallel to the western coast of India.
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is known for its scenic landscapes, diverse ecosystems, and unique flora and fauna. It includes popular locations such as Ooty (Udhagamandalam), Coonoor, Wayanad, and parts of the Nilgiri, Malappuram, and Chamarajanagar districts.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Nearest Airport:
The nearest airport to the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve depends on the specific area you plan to visit within the reserve. Here are some of the nearest airports to popular destinations within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve:
Coimbatore International Airport - This airport is the nearest major airport and is located approximately 88 kilometers away from Ooty, a popular destination within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
Calicut International Airport - If you plan to visit Wayanad, which is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Calicut International Airport is the nearest airport. It is located approximately 100 kilometers away from Wayanad.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Nearest Railway Station:
As for the nearest railway station, it depends on the specific area within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve you plan to visit. Here are a couple of options:
Mettupalayam Railway Station - This railway station is located approximately 40 kilometers away from Ooty. The Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a popular UNESCO World Heritage toy train, connects Mettupalayam to Ooty.
Coimbatore Junction Railway Station - Coimbatore Junction is a major railway station in the region and serves as a gateway to various destinations within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It is approximately 86 kilometers away from Ooty and offers good connectivity to other cities in India.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve History
The history of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve dates back to the early 19th century when the British colonial administration recognized the ecological and cultural significance of the Nilgiri Hills.
Here are some key points in the history of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve:
British Colonial Era: During the British colonial rule in India, the Nilgiri Hills, with their pleasant climate and scenic beauty, attracted the attention of the British officials. The region was established as a hill station and a retreat for the British in the 19th century. Ooty (Udhagamandalam) became a popular hill station and the administrative center of the Nilgiri District.
Conservation Initiatives: Recognizing the ecological importance of the Nilgiri Hills, the British administration took some initial steps towards conservation. In 1882, the Madras Forest Act was enacted to regulate the use and conservation of forests in the region. Several reserved forests and sanctuaries were established to protect the wildlife and natural resources of the Nilgiri Hills.
Wildlife Sanctuary Declaration: The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve had its beginnings in 1936 when the Nilgiri Wildlife Sanctuary was established. It was declared as a protected area to safeguard the diverse wildlife found in the region, including the endangered species such as the Nilgiri tahr (an indigenous mountain ungulate).
Establishment of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve: In 1986, the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve was officially designated as India's first biosphere reserve by the Government of India. It was recognized as an area of exceptional biodiversity and ecological significance. The reserve aimed to conserve the diverse ecosystems, promote sustainable development, and protect the cultural heritage of the region.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve UNESCO
UNESCO Biosphere Reserve: In 2000, the Nilgiri Biosphere reserve was designated a biosphere reserve by UNESCO under Man and Biosphere Programme. It is India's first biosphere reserve under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme
UNESCO World Heritage Site Designation: In 2012, the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Western Ghats, which is one of the world's eight "hottest hotspots" of biodiversity. This designation further highlighted the global importance of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Area
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve covers a vast area in the southern part of India, spanning across multiple states. The total area of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is approximately 5,520 square kilometers (2,131 square miles). It encompasses parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka.
- Core area(s): 1240 Sq. Km.
- Buffer zone(s): 3574 Sq. Km.
- Transition zone(s): 706 Sq. Km.
- Total: 5,520 sq. km.
State wise area of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve:
- Tamil Nadu- 2537.6 sq. km.
- Kerala- 1455.4 sq. km.
- Karnataka- 1527.4 sq. km.
National Park in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve:
- Bandipur National Park (Karnataka)
- Nagarahole National Park (Karnataka)
- Mukurthi National Park (Tamil Nadu)
- Silent Valley National Park (Kerala)
Wildlife Sanctuary in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve:
- Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu)
- Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu)
- Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala)
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in Kerala
In Kerala, the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve encompasses various wildlife sanctuaries and national parks that are rich in biodiversity and play a crucial role in conserving the region's natural heritage. Here are some notable protected areas within the Kerala part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve:
(1) Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary: Located in the Wayanad district of Kerala, this sanctuary is a part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It is known for its diverse flora and fauna, including elephants, tigers, leopards, deer, and a wide variety of bird species.
(2) Silent Valley National Park: Situated in the Palakkad district, Silent Valley National Park is a significant part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It is renowned for its untouched tropical rainforest and is home to several endangered species like the Lion-tailed Macaque and the Nilgiri Langur.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Hills
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is named after the Nilgiri Hills, which form a significant part of the reserve. The Nilgiri Hills are a range of mountains located in the Western Ghats of southern India.
The Nilgiri Hills are known for their scenic beauty, rolling hills, and mist-covered peaks. The word "Nilgiri" translates to "Blue Mountains" in the local language, and it is derived from the bluish haze that often envelopes the hills, especially during certain times of the year.
These hills are a part of the larger Western Ghats mountain range, which is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its exceptional biodiversity and ecological importance. The Nilgiri Hills in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve are home to several endemic plant and animal species.
The highest peak in the Nilgiri Hills is Doddabetta, which stands at an elevation of 2,637 meters (8,650 feet) and offers panoramic views of the surrounding landscape. Other prominent peaks in the region include Mukurthi Peak, Tadiandamol Peak, and Brahmagiri Peak.
The Nilgiri Hills within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve are not only a picturesque landscape but also provide crucial habitats for various wildlife species, including the Nilgiri tahr, elephants, tigers, leopards, and a wide range of bird species.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve River
Which river flows through Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve?
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is home to several rivers and their catchment areas. Many of the major tributaries of the River Cauvery, including the Bhavani, Moyar, and Kabini rivers, have their origins in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. These rivers play a crucial role in the water supply, irrigation, and ecological balance of the region.
Here are some key rivers within or originating from the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve:
(1) Bhavani River:
The Bhavani River originates in the Silent Valley National Park in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It flows through Kerala and Tamil Nadu, joining the Cauvery River in Tamil Nadu. The Bhavani River is an important tributary of the Cauvery River and contributes to its water flow.
(2) Moyar River:
The Moyar River also originates in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, specifically in the Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary. It flows through Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, ultimately joining the Bhavani River. The Moyar River is known for its scenic beauty and its importance for both wildlife and human settlements in the region.
(3) Kabini River:
The Kabini River, another significant tributary of the Cauvery, also originates in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It starts as a small stream in the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala and flows through Karnataka before joining the Cauvery River. The Kabini River is famous for its wildlife, and the Kabini Reservoir formed by a dam on the river is a popular tourist destination.
Apart from these rivers, other smaller rivers and streams within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, such as Chaliyar and Punampuzha, also contribute to the region's water resources and ecological balance.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Lake
While the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is primarily known for its hills, forests, and rivers, there are several lakes and reservoirs located within and near the reserve. These water bodies contribute to the overall ecological diversity and serve as important habitats for aquatic flora and fauna.
Here are some notable lakes and reservoirs in and around the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve:
(1) Pykara Lake:
Located in the Pykara village near Ooty, Pykara Lake is a popular tourist destination. It is a serene lake surrounded by lush green hills and dense forests. The lake is known for its boating facilities and picturesque views.
(2) Avalanche Lake:
Situated near the Avalanche village in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Avalanche Lake is a pristine lake surrounded by mountains and forests. It is a popular spot for nature walks and bird watching.
(3) Upper Bhavani Lake:
Located near Avalanche village, Upper Bhavani Lake is a scenic reservoir formed by a dam across the Bhavani River. The lake offers breathtaking views of the surrounding Nilgiri Hills and is known for its pristine beauty.
(4) Emerald Lake:
Situated near the Emerald village, Emerald Lake is a beautiful lake surrounded by tea estates and hills. It is a tranquil spot for picnicking and enjoying nature.
(5) Pookode Lake:
While not located within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve itself, Pookode Lake is a picturesque lake situated in the nearby Wayanad district of Kerala. The lake has the natural shape of India's map in aerial view.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Tribe
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is home to several indigenous tribal communities. These tribal groups have inhabited the region for centuries and have a rich cultural heritage. Tribal groups like the Todas, Kotas, Irullas, Kurumbas, Paniyas, Adiyans, Edanadan Chettis, Cholanaickens, Allar, Malayan, etc., are native to the reserve.
(1) Todas:
The Todas are one of the prominent tribal groups of the Nilgiri Hills. They have a distinct culture and language and are known for their unique lifestyle, including their traditional dwellings called "munds" and their involvement in pastoral activities.
(2) Kotas:
The Kotas are another indigenous tribal community residing in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. They have their own language, customs, and traditions. Historically, they were known for their expertise in iron smelting and pottery.
(3) Irulas:
The Irulas are an indigenous tribal community with a significant presence in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. They have traditionally been involved in activities such as agriculture, snake catching, and gathering forest produce.
(4) Kurumbas:
The Kurumbas are an indigenous tribe found in the Nilgiri Hills. They have a close connection with the forests and are skilled in traditional practices such as hunting, gathering, and herbal medicine.
(5) Paniyas:
The Paniyas are a tribal group predominantly residing in the Wayanad district of Kerala, which is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. They have a unique culture and are primarily engaged in agriculture and labor-intensive activities.
(6) Cholanaickens:
The Cholanaickens, also known as Cholanaikas, are an indigenous tribe living in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. They have a hunter-gatherer lifestyle and are skilled in forest-based livelihoods.
(7) Allar:
The Allar community is an indigenous tribe found in the Nilgiri Hills. They have traditionally been involved in activities such as agriculture, animal husbandry, and collection of non-timber forest products.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Flora
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is renowned for its diverse and rich flora. The region's varied ecosystems, including evergreen forests, grasslands, sholas (tropical montane forests), and wetlands, support a wide array of plant species.
Here are some notable flora found in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve:
(1) Shola Forests:
Shola forests are unique to the Western Ghats, and the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is home to extensive shola patches. These forests are characterized by stunted trees, moss-covered rocks, and dense undergrowth. They harbor a range of endemic plant species, including orchids, rhododendrons, and ferns.
(2) Evergreen Forests:
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve has lush evergreen forests, consisting of a mix of tree species. These forests are known for their biodiversity and provide habitats for various wildlife species. Common tree species found here include the Indian rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia), black dammar (Canarium strictum), and Malabar ironwood (Mesua ferrea).
(3) Grasslands:
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve encompasses montane grasslands known as "sholas" and "grassland ecosystems." These grasslands are interspersed with patches of trees and are characterized by a wide range of grass species, including Themeda, Chrysopogon, and Arundinella.
(4) Medicinal Plants:
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is home to numerous medicinal plants, many of which are used in traditional Ayurvedic and tribal medicine. Species like Rauvolfia serpentina, Gloriosa superba, and Gymnema sylvestre are found in the region and have medicinal properties.
(5) Endemic Plants:
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is recognized as a hotspot for endemic plant species, meaning they are found nowhere else in the world. Several orchids, including the Nilgiri blue tiger (Vanda nilotica), and various species of Impatiens, Pterocarpus, and Strobilanthes are endemic to the region.
(6) Wetland Flora:
The reserve is also home to several wetlands, including lakes and marshes, which support unique wetland plant communities. These include species such as Nelumbo nucifera (lotus), Nymphaea spp. (water lilies), and various aquatic grasses and reeds.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Fauna (Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Animals)
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is famous for which animal?
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is renowned for its diverse and abundant fauna. The region's varied ecosystems, including forests, grasslands, and wetlands, provide habitats for a wide range of animal species. Here are some notable fauna found in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve:
Mammals:
- Bengal Tiger
- Asian Elephant
- Indian Leopard
- Nilgiri Tahr
- Chital Deer
- Gaur
- Sambar Deer
- Dhole
- Golden Jackal
- Indian Boar
- Indian Spotted Chevrotain
- Asian Palm Civet
- Sloth Bear
- Four-horned Antelope
- Nilgiri Marten
- Indian Crested Porcupine
- Malabar Giant Squirrel
- Honey Badger
- Indian Grey Mongoose
- Indian Pangolin
- Indian Fox
- Smooth Coated Otter
- Painted Bat
- Lion Tailed Macaque
- Nilgiri Langur
- Gray Langur
- Bonnet Macaque
Birds:
- Nilgiri Laughingthrush
- Nilgiri Wood-pigeon
- Malabar Grey Hornbill
- Malabar Parakeet
- White-bellied Treepie
- White-bellied Shortwing
- Grey-headed Bulbul
- Grey-breasted Laughingthrush
- Rufous Babbler
- Black and rufous Flycatcher
- Nilgiri Flycatcher
- Nilgiri Pipit
Reptiles:
- King Cobra
- Russell's Viper
- Indian Rock Python
- Malabar Pit Viper
- Monitor Lizards
- Indian Chameleon
Endemic Species of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is renowned for its rich biodiversity, including several endemic species that are found exclusively in the region. Endemic species are those that are native to a specific geographic area and are not found naturally anywhere else. Here are some notable endemic species of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve:
(1) Nilgiri Tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius): The Nilgiri Tahr is an iconic mountain ungulate that is endemic to the Western Ghats, including the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It is known for its stocky build, curved horns, and its ability to inhabit steep mountain slopes.
(2) Nilgiri Langur (Trachypithecus johnii): The Nilgiri Langur is an endemic leaf-eating monkey found in the Western Ghats, including the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It is characterized by its glossy black fur, white sideburns, and long tail.
(3) Nilgiri Pipit (Anthus nilghiriensis): The Nilgiri Pipit is a small passerine bird that is endemic to the high-altitude grasslands of the Western Ghats, including the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It is known for its distinctive song and for being found in open grassy habitats.
(4) Nilgiri Laughingthrush (Trochalopteron cachinnans): The Nilgiri Laughingthrush is an endemic bird species found in the shola forests and montane grasslands of the Western Ghats, including the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It has a distinctive loud and melodious call.
(5) Nilgiri Wood-pigeon (Columba elphinstonii): The Nilgiri Wood-pigeon is an endemic bird species found in the shola forests of the Western Ghats, including the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It is known for its vibrant plumage and its preference for high-altitude forests.
(6) Nilgiri Blue Robin (Sholicola major): The Nilgiri Blue Robin is an endemic bird species found in the shola forests of the Western Ghats, including the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It is known for its striking blue coloration and its secretive nature.
(7) Nilgiri Grasshopper (Xanthippus nilgiriensis): The Nilgiri Grasshopper is an endemic insect species found in the grasslands and montane habitats of the Western Ghats, including the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It is known for its bright colors and unique adaptations.
Endangered Species in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is home to several endangered species, which are at risk of extinction if appropriate conservation measures are not implemented. Here are some notable endangered species found in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve:
(1) Nilgiri Tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius): The Nilgiri Tahr is an endangered mountain ungulate that is endemic to the Western Ghats. It is listed as endangered due to habitat loss, poaching, and competition with domestic livestock.
(2) Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris): The Bengal Tiger, including the populations within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, is listed as endangered. They face habitat loss, poaching, and human-wildlife conflict as major threats to their survival.
(3) Lion-tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus): The Lion-tailed Macaque is an endangered primate species found in the Western Ghats, including the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. They are threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation, and illegal wildlife trade.
(4) Indian Rock Python (Python molurus): The Indian Rock Python is listed as endangered due to habitat loss, poaching for their skin, and capture for the exotic pet trade. They can be found in the forests of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
(5) Nilgiri Laughingthrush (Trochalopteron cachinnans): The Nilgiri Laughingthrush, an endemic bird species, is listed as endangered due to habitat loss and degradation caused by deforestation and conversion of land for agriculture.
(6) Travancore Tortoise (Indotestudo travancorica): The Travancore Tortoise is an endangered species found in the Western Ghats, including the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. They face habitat loss, illegal trade, and collection for consumption as major threats.
Top Things to do in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve offers a range of activities and attractions for visitors to enjoy. Here are some top things to do in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve:
Wildlife Safari: Embark on a wildlife safari through the diverse habitats of the biosphere reserve. Explore the forests, grasslands, and wetlands while searching for iconic species like the Nilgiri Tahr, elephants, tigers, and a variety of bird species.
Trekking and Hiking: The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is a paradise for trekkers and hikers. Explore the scenic trails that wind through the hills, shola forests, and grasslands. Popular trekking destinations include the Nilgiri Hills, Mukurthi National Park, and Avalanche Lake.
Visit Tribal Villages: Experience the rich cultural heritage of the region by visiting the tribal villages within the biosphere reserve. Interact with indigenous communities like the Todas, Kotas, and Kurumbas to learn about their way of life, traditions, and customs.
Photography and Birdwatching: The biosphere reserve offers fantastic opportunities for nature photography and birdwatching. Capture the stunning landscapes, diverse flora, and fauna, and spot a wide variety of bird species, including endemic and migratory birds.
Explore Botanical Gardens: Visit the numerous botanical gardens and nurseries in the region, such as the Government Botanical Garden in Ooty. Admire the beautiful flower displays, exotic plant species, and learn about the region's rich botanical diversity.
Boat Rides and Nature Walks: Enjoy leisurely boat rides in the lakes and reservoirs within the biosphere reserve, such as the Pykara Lake and Emerald Lake. Take guided nature walks through the forests and learn about the unique ecosystems and wildlife.
Visit Waterfalls: Explore the picturesque waterfalls in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, such as the Catherine Falls, Pykara Falls, and Avalanche Falls. Enjoy the breathtaking views and the refreshing atmosphere.
Tea Plantations: Take a tour of the tea plantations in the region and learn about the process of tea cultivation and production. Visit tea factories and enjoy a cup of freshly brewed tea while enjoying the scenic views.
Visit Hill Stations: Explore popular hill stations within the biosphere reserve, such as Ooty (Udhagamandalam), Coonoor, and Kotagiri. Enjoy the pleasant weather, colonial architecture, and panoramic views of the surrounding hills.
Nature Retreats: Unwind and relax in the tranquil surroundings of nature retreats and eco-resorts located within the biosphere reserve. Enjoy the peaceful ambiance, indulge in nature-based activities, and rejuvenate your senses.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve UPSC Questions
Q. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in which state?/Where is Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve located?/Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in which district?/What is Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve?
A. The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is located in the southern part of India, spanning across the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka.
Q. When was Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve established?/In which year Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve was established?
A. The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve was established in the year 1986. It was designated as a biosphere reserve by the Government of India in recognition of its unique and diverse ecosystems, rich biodiversity, and the need for conservation efforts in the region.
Q. Which national park forms part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve?/Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve has how many national parks?/How many national parks are there in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve?
A. Following National Park is a part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve:
- Bandipur National Park (Karnataka)
- Nagarahole National Park (Karnataka)
- Mukurthi National Park (Tamil Nadu)
- Silent Valley National Park (Kerala)
Q. The wildlife sanctuary which is a part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve?
A. Following wildlife sanctuary is a part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve:
- Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu)
- Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu)
- Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala)
Q. Is Nilgiri not a biosphere reserve?
A. The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve is a recognized biosphere reserve. It was designated as India's first biosphere reserve in 1986 by the Government of India.
Q. Which is the 1st Biosphere Reserve in India?/Which is the oldest biosphere reserve in India?
A. The first Biosphere Reserve in India is the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It was established in 1986 and is located in the Western Ghats of southern India. The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve covers parts of the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka.
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